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<TITLE>A Recap of Manipulators</TITLE>
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<H2>33.1 A Recap of Manipulators</H2>
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<A NAME="idx798"><!></A>
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<P>We showed examples of manipulators in <A HREF="28-3.html">Section 28.3</A>. There we learned that:</P>
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<UL>
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<LI><P CLASS="LIST">Manipulators are objects that can be inserted into or extracted from a stream.</P></LI>
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<LI><P CLASS="LIST">Such insertions and extractions have specific desirable side effects.</P></LI>
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</UL>
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<P>As a recap, here is a typical example of two manipulators:</P>
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<UL><PRE>
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std::cout << std::setw(10) << 10.55 << std::endl;
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</PRE></UL>
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<P>The inserted objects <SAMP>std::setw(10)</SAMP> and <SAMP>std::endl</SAMP> are the manipulators. As its only side effect, the manipulator <SAMP>setw(10)</SAMP> sets the stream's field width to <SAMP>10</SAMP>. Similarly, the manipulator <SAMP>std::endl</SAMP> inserts the end of line character and flushes the output. </P>
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<A NAME="idx799"><!></A>
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<P>As we mentioned previously, extensibility is a major advantage of iostreams. We've seen in the previous <A HREF="32-3.html">Section 32.3</A> how you can implement inserters and extractors for user-defined types that behave like the built-in input and output operations. Additionally, you can add user-defined manipulators that fit seamlessly into the iostreams framework. In this section, we show how to do this.</P>
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<A NAME="idx800"><!></A>
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<P>First of all, to be extracted or inserted, a manipulator must be an object of a type that we call <SAMP>manipT</SAMP>, for which overloaded versions of the shift operators exist. (Associated with the manipulator type <SAMP>manipT,</SAMP> there is usually a function called <SAMP>f</SAMP><SAMP><SUB>manipT</SUB></SAMP><SAMP>()</SAMP>that we explain in detail later.) Here's the pattern for the manipulator extractor:</P>
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<UL><PRE>
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template <class charT, class Traits>
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std::basic istream<charT,Traits>&
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operator>>(std::basic istream<charT,Traits>& istr,
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const manipT& manip)
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{ return f<SUB>manipT</SUB>(istr, ...); }
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</PRE></UL>
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<A NAME="idx801"><!></A>
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<P>With this extractor defined, you can extract a manipulator <SAMP>Manip</SAMP>, which is an object of type <SAMP>manipT</SAMP>, by simply saying:</P>
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<UL><PRE>
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std::cin >> Manip;
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</PRE></UL>
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<P>This results in a call to the <SAMP>operator>>()</SAMP> sketched out above. The manipulator inserter is analogous.</P>
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<P>A manipulator's side effect is often created by calling an associated function <SAMP>f</SAMP><SAMP><SUB>manipT</SUB></SAMP><SAMP>()</SAMP> that takes a stream and returns the stream. There are several ways to associate the manipulator type <SAMP>manipT</SAMP> to the function <SAMP>f</SAMP><SAMP><SUB>manipT</SUB></SAMP><SAMP>()</SAMP>, which we explore in the following sections. The iostream framework does not specify a way to implement manipulators, but there is a simple way to write your own manipulators. We explain this technique along with other useful approaches.</P>
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<P>It turns out that there is a major difference between manipulators with parameters like <SAMP>std::width(10)</SAMP> and manipulators without parameters like <SAMP>std::endl</SAMP>. Let's start with the simpler case of manipulators without parameters.</P>
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